    const std = @import("std");
    const math = std.math;
    const Log2Int = std.math.Log2Int;
    const assert = std.debug.assert;
    const expect = std.testing.expect;

    /// Returns x * 2^n.
    pub fn ldexp(x: anytype, n: i32) @TypeOf(x) {
        const T = @TypeOf(x);
        const TBits = std.meta.Int(.unsigned, @typeInfo(T).Float.bits);

        const exponent_bits = math.floatExponentBits(T);
        const mantissa_bits = math.floatMantissaBits(T);
        const fractional_bits = math.floatFractionalBits(T);

        const max_biased_exponent = 2 * math.floatExponentMax(T);
        const mantissa_mask = @as(TBits, (1 << mantissa_bits) - 1);

        const repr = @as(TBits, @bitCast(x));
        const sign_bit = repr & (1 << (exponent_bits + mantissa_bits));

        if (math.isNan(x) or !math.isFinite(x))
            return x;

        var exponent: i32 = @as(i32, @intCast((repr << 1) >> (mantissa_bits + 1)));
        if (exponent == 0)
            exponent += (@as(i32, exponent_bits) + @intFromBool(T == f80)) - @clz(repr << 1);

        if (n >= 0) {
            if (n > max_biased_exponent - exponent) {
                // Overflow. Return +/- inf

                return @as(T, @bitCast(@as(TBits, @bitCast(math.inf(T))) | sign_bit));
            } else if (exponent + n <= 0) {
                // Result is subnormal

                return @as(T, @bitCast((repr << @as(Log2Int(TBits), @intCast(n))) | sign_bit));
            } else if (exponent <= 0) {
                // Result is normal, but needs shifting

                var result = @as(TBits, @intCast(n + exponent)) << mantissa_bits;
                result |= (repr << @as(Log2Int(TBits), @intCast(1 - exponent))) & mantissa_mask;
                return @as(T, @bitCast(result | sign_bit));
            }

            // Result needs no shifting

            return @as(T, @bitCast(repr + (@as(TBits, @intCast(n)) << mantissa_bits)));
        } else {
            if (n <= -exponent) {
                if (n < -(mantissa_bits + exponent))
                    return @as(T, @bitCast(sign_bit)); // Severe underflow. Return +/- 0

                // Result underflowed, we need to shift and round

                const shift = @as(Log2Int(TBits), @intCast(@min(-n, -(exponent + n) + 1)));
                const exact_tie: bool = @ctz(repr) == shift - 1;
                var result = repr & mantissa_mask;

                if (T != f80) // Include integer bit

                    result |= @as(TBits, @intFromBool(exponent > 0)) << fractional_bits;
                result = @as(TBits, @intCast((result >> (shift - 1))));

                // Round result, including round-to-even for exact ties

                result = ((result + 1) >> 1) & ~@as(TBits, @intFromBool(exact_tie));
                return @as(T, @bitCast(result | sign_bit));
            }

            // Result is exact, and needs no shifting

            return @as(T, @bitCast(repr - (@as(TBits, @intCast(-n)) << mantissa_bits)));
        }
    }

    test "math.ldexp" {

        // subnormals

        try expect(ldexp(@as(f16, 0x1.1FFp14), -14 - 9 - 15) == math.floatTrueMin(f16));
        try expect(ldexp(@as(f32, 0x1.3FFFFFp-1), -126 - 22) == math.floatTrueMin(f32));
        try expect(ldexp(@as(f64, 0x1.7FFFFFFFFFFFFp-1), -1022 - 51) == math.floatTrueMin(f64));
        try expect(ldexp(@as(f80, 0x1.7FFFFFFFFFFFFFFEp-1), -16382 - 62) == math.floatTrueMin(f80));
        try expect(ldexp(@as(f128, 0x1.7FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFp-1), -16382 - 111) == math.floatTrueMin(f128));

        try expect(ldexp(math.floatMax(f32), -128 - 149) > 0.0);
        try expect(ldexp(math.floatMax(f32), -128 - 149 - 1) == 0.0);

        @setEvalBranchQuota(10_000);

        inline for ([_]type{ f16, f32, f64, f80, f128 }) |T| {
            const fractional_bits = math.floatFractionalBits(T);

            const min_exponent = math.floatExponentMin(T);
            const max_exponent = math.floatExponentMax(T);
            const exponent_bias = max_exponent;

            // basic usage

            try expect(ldexp(@as(T, 1.5), 4) == 24.0);

            // normals -> subnormals

            try expect(math.isNormal(ldexp(@as(T, 1.0), min_exponent)));
            try expect(!math.isNormal(ldexp(@as(T, 1.0), min_exponent - 1)));

            // normals -> zero

            try expect(ldexp(@as(T, 1.0), min_exponent - fractional_bits) > 0.0);
            try expect(ldexp(@as(T, 1.0), min_exponent - fractional_bits - 1) == 0.0);

            // subnormals -> zero

            try expect(ldexp(math.floatTrueMin(T), 0) > 0.0);
            try expect(ldexp(math.floatTrueMin(T), -1) == 0.0);

            // Multiplications might flush the denormals to zero, esp. at

            // runtime, so we manually construct the constants here instead.

            const Z = std.meta.Int(.unsigned, @bitSizeOf(T));
            const EightTimesTrueMin = @as(T, @bitCast(@as(Z, 8)));
            const TwoTimesTrueMin = @as(T, @bitCast(@as(Z, 2)));

            // subnormals -> subnormals

            try expect(ldexp(math.floatTrueMin(T), 3) == EightTimesTrueMin);
            try expect(ldexp(EightTimesTrueMin, -2) == TwoTimesTrueMin);
            try expect(ldexp(EightTimesTrueMin, -3) == math.floatTrueMin(T));

            // subnormals -> normals (+)

            try expect(ldexp(math.floatTrueMin(T), fractional_bits) == math.floatMin(T));
            try expect(ldexp(math.floatTrueMin(T), fractional_bits - 1) == math.floatMin(T) * 0.5);

            // subnormals -> normals (-)

            try expect(ldexp(-math.floatTrueMin(T), fractional_bits) == -math.floatMin(T));
            try expect(ldexp(-math.floatTrueMin(T), fractional_bits - 1) == -math.floatMin(T) * 0.5);

            // subnormals -> float limits (+inf)

            try expect(math.isFinite(ldexp(math.floatTrueMin(T), max_exponent + exponent_bias + fractional_bits - 1)));
            try expect(ldexp(math.floatTrueMin(T), max_exponent + exponent_bias + fractional_bits) == math.inf(T));

            // subnormals -> float limits (-inf)

            try expect(math.isFinite(ldexp(-math.floatTrueMin(T), max_exponent + exponent_bias + fractional_bits - 1)));
            try expect(ldexp(-math.floatTrueMin(T), max_exponent + exponent_bias + fractional_bits) == -math.inf(T));

            // infinity -> infinity

            try expect(ldexp(math.inf(T), math.maxInt(i32)) == math.inf(T));
            try expect(ldexp(math.inf(T), math.minInt(i32)) == math.inf(T));
            try expect(ldexp(math.inf(T), max_exponent) == math.inf(T));
            try expect(ldexp(math.inf(T), min_exponent) == math.inf(T));
            try expect(ldexp(-math.inf(T), math.maxInt(i32)) == -math.inf(T));
            try expect(ldexp(-math.inf(T), math.minInt(i32)) == -math.inf(T));

            // extremely large n

            try expect(ldexp(math.floatMax(T), math.maxInt(i32)) == math.inf(T));
            try expect(ldexp(math.floatMax(T), -math.maxInt(i32)) == 0.0);
            try expect(ldexp(math.floatMax(T), math.minInt(i32)) == 0.0);
            try expect(ldexp(math.floatTrueMin(T), math.maxInt(i32)) == math.inf(T));
            try expect(ldexp(math.floatTrueMin(T), -math.maxInt(i32)) == 0.0);
            try expect(ldexp(math.floatTrueMin(T), math.minInt(i32)) == 0.0);
        }
    }