    const std = @import("std.zig");
    const io = std.io;
    const math = std.math;
    const mem = std.mem;
    const os = std.os;
    const coff = std.coff;
    const fs = std.fs;
    const File = std.fs.File;
    const debug = std.debug;

    const ArrayList = std.ArrayList;

    // Note: most of this is based on information gathered from LLVM source code,

    // documentation and/or contributors.

    // https://llvm.org/docs/PDB/DbiStream.html#stream-header

    pub const DbiStreamHeader = extern struct {
        VersionSignature: i32,
        VersionHeader: u32,
        Age: u32,
        GlobalStreamIndex: u16,
        BuildNumber: u16,
        PublicStreamIndex: u16,
        PdbDllVersion: u16,
        SymRecordStream: u16,
        PdbDllRbld: u16,
        ModInfoSize: u32,
        SectionContributionSize: u32,
        SectionMapSize: u32,
        SourceInfoSize: i32,
        TypeServerSize: i32,
        MFCTypeServerIndex: u32,
        OptionalDbgHeaderSize: i32,
        ECSubstreamSize: i32,
        Flags: u16,
        Machine: u16,
        Padding: u32,
    };

    pub const SectionContribEntry = extern struct {
        /// COFF Section index, 1-based
        Section: u16,
        Padding1: [2]u8,
        Offset: u32,
        Size: u32,
        Characteristics: u32,
        ModuleIndex: u16,
        Padding2: [2]u8,
        DataCrc: u32,
        RelocCrc: u32,
    };

    pub const ModInfo = extern struct {
        Unused1: u32,
        SectionContr: SectionContribEntry,
        Flags: u16,
        ModuleSymStream: u16,
        SymByteSize: u32,
        C11ByteSize: u32,
        C13ByteSize: u32,
        SourceFileCount: u16,
        Padding: [2]u8,
        Unused2: u32,
        SourceFileNameIndex: u32,
        PdbFilePathNameIndex: u32,
        // These fields are variable length

        //ModuleName: char[],

        //ObjFileName: char[],

    };

    pub const SectionMapHeader = extern struct {
        /// Number of segment descriptors
        Count: u16,

        /// Number of logical segment descriptors
        LogCount: u16,
    };

    pub const SectionMapEntry = extern struct {
        /// See the SectionMapEntryFlags enum below.
        Flags: u16,

        /// Logical overlay number
        Ovl: u16,

        /// Group index into descriptor array.
        Group: u16,
        Frame: u16,

        /// Byte index of segment / group name in string table, or 0xFFFF.
        SectionName: u16,

        /// Byte index of class in string table, or 0xFFFF.
        ClassName: u16,

        /// Byte offset of the logical segment within physical segment.  If group is set in flags, this is the offset of the group.
        Offset: u32,

        /// Byte count of the segment or group.
        SectionLength: u32,
    };

    pub const StreamType = enum(u16) {
        Pdb = 1,
        Tpi = 2,
        Dbi = 3,
        Ipi = 4,
    };

    /// Duplicate copy of SymbolRecordKind, but using the official CV names. Useful
    /// for reference purposes and when dealing with unknown record types.
    pub const SymbolKind = enum(u16) {
        S_COMPILE = 1,
        S_REGISTER_16t = 2,
        S_CONSTANT_16t = 3,
        S_UDT_16t = 4,
        S_SSEARCH = 5,
        S_SKIP = 7,
        S_CVRESERVE = 8,
        S_OBJNAME_ST = 9,
        S_ENDARG = 10,
        S_COBOLUDT_16t = 11,
        S_MANYREG_16t = 12,
        S_RETURN = 13,
        S_ENTRYTHIS = 14,
        S_BPREL16 = 256,
        S_LDATA16 = 257,
        S_GDATA16 = 258,
        S_PUB16 = 259,
        S_LPROC16 = 260,
        S_GPROC16 = 261,
        S_THUNK16 = 262,
        S_BLOCK16 = 263,
        S_WITH16 = 264,
        S_LABEL16 = 265,
        S_CEXMODEL16 = 266,
        S_VFTABLE16 = 267,
        S_REGREL16 = 268,
        S_BPREL32_16t = 512,
        S_LDATA32_16t = 513,
        S_GDATA32_16t = 514,
        S_PUB32_16t = 515,
        S_LPROC32_16t = 516,
        S_GPROC32_16t = 517,
        S_THUNK32_ST = 518,
        S_BLOCK32_ST = 519,
        S_WITH32_ST = 520,
        S_LABEL32_ST = 521,
        S_CEXMODEL32 = 522,
        S_VFTABLE32_16t = 523,
        S_REGREL32_16t = 524,
        S_LTHREAD32_16t = 525,
        S_GTHREAD32_16t = 526,
        S_SLINK32 = 527,
        S_LPROCMIPS_16t = 768,
        S_GPROCMIPS_16t = 769,
        S_PROCREF_ST = 1024,
        S_DATAREF_ST = 1025,
        S_ALIGN = 1026,
        S_LPROCREF_ST = 1027,
        S_OEM = 1028,
        S_TI16_MAX = 4096,
        S_REGISTER_ST = 4097,
        S_CONSTANT_ST = 4098,
        S_UDT_ST = 4099,
        S_COBOLUDT_ST = 4100,
        S_MANYREG_ST = 4101,
        S_BPREL32_ST = 4102,
        S_LDATA32_ST = 4103,
        S_GDATA32_ST = 4104,
        S_PUB32_ST = 4105,
        S_LPROC32_ST = 4106,
        S_GPROC32_ST = 4107,
        S_VFTABLE32 = 4108,
        S_REGREL32_ST = 4109,
        S_LTHREAD32_ST = 4110,
        S_GTHREAD32_ST = 4111,
        S_LPROCMIPS_ST = 4112,
        S_GPROCMIPS_ST = 4113,
        S_COMPILE2_ST = 4115,
        S_MANYREG2_ST = 4116,
        S_LPROCIA64_ST = 4117,
        S_GPROCIA64_ST = 4118,
        S_LOCALSLOT_ST = 4119,
        S_PARAMSLOT_ST = 4120,
        S_ANNOTATION = 4121,
        S_GMANPROC_ST = 4122,
        S_LMANPROC_ST = 4123,
        S_RESERVED1 = 4124,
        S_RESERVED2 = 4125,
        S_RESERVED3 = 4126,
        S_RESERVED4 = 4127,
        S_LMANDATA_ST = 4128,
        S_GMANDATA_ST = 4129,
        S_MANFRAMEREL_ST = 4130,
        S_MANREGISTER_ST = 4131,
        S_MANSLOT_ST = 4132,
        S_MANMANYREG_ST = 4133,
        S_MANREGREL_ST = 4134,
        S_MANMANYREG2_ST = 4135,
        S_MANTYPREF = 4136,
        S_UNAMESPACE_ST = 4137,
        S_ST_MAX = 4352,
        S_WITH32 = 4356,
        S_MANYREG = 4362,
        S_LPROCMIPS = 4372,
        S_GPROCMIPS = 4373,
        S_MANYREG2 = 4375,
        S_LPROCIA64 = 4376,
        S_GPROCIA64 = 4377,
        S_LOCALSLOT = 4378,
        S_PARAMSLOT = 4379,
        S_MANFRAMEREL = 4382,
        S_MANREGISTER = 4383,
        S_MANSLOT = 4384,
        S_MANMANYREG = 4385,
        S_MANREGREL = 4386,
        S_MANMANYREG2 = 4387,
        S_UNAMESPACE = 4388,
        S_DATAREF = 4390,
        S_ANNOTATIONREF = 4392,
        S_TOKENREF = 4393,
        S_GMANPROC = 4394,
        S_LMANPROC = 4395,
        S_ATTR_FRAMEREL = 4398,
        S_ATTR_REGISTER = 4399,
        S_ATTR_REGREL = 4400,
        S_ATTR_MANYREG = 4401,
        S_SEPCODE = 4402,
        S_LOCAL_2005 = 4403,
        S_DEFRANGE_2005 = 4404,
        S_DEFRANGE2_2005 = 4405,
        S_DISCARDED = 4411,
        S_LPROCMIPS_ID = 4424,
        S_GPROCMIPS_ID = 4425,
        S_LPROCIA64_ID = 4426,
        S_GPROCIA64_ID = 4427,
        S_DEFRANGE_HLSL = 4432,
        S_GDATA_HLSL = 4433,
        S_LDATA_HLSL = 4434,
        S_LOCAL_DPC_GROUPSHARED = 4436,
        S_DEFRANGE_DPC_PTR_TAG = 4439,
        S_DPC_SYM_TAG_MAP = 4440,
        S_ARMSWITCHTABLE = 4441,
        S_POGODATA = 4444,
        S_INLINESITE2 = 4445,
        S_MOD_TYPEREF = 4447,
        S_REF_MINIPDB = 4448,
        S_PDBMAP = 4449,
        S_GDATA_HLSL32 = 4450,
        S_LDATA_HLSL32 = 4451,
        S_GDATA_HLSL32_EX = 4452,
        S_LDATA_HLSL32_EX = 4453,
        S_FASTLINK = 4455,
        S_INLINEES = 4456,
        S_END = 6,
        S_INLINESITE_END = 4430,
        S_PROC_ID_END = 4431,
        S_THUNK32 = 4354,
        S_TRAMPOLINE = 4396,
        S_SECTION = 4406,
        S_COFFGROUP = 4407,
        S_EXPORT = 4408,
        S_LPROC32 = 4367,
        S_GPROC32 = 4368,
        S_LPROC32_ID = 4422,
        S_GPROC32_ID = 4423,
        S_LPROC32_DPC = 4437,
        S_LPROC32_DPC_ID = 4438,
        S_REGISTER = 4358,
        S_PUB32 = 4366,
        S_PROCREF = 4389,
        S_LPROCREF = 4391,
        S_ENVBLOCK = 4413,
        S_INLINESITE = 4429,
        S_LOCAL = 4414,
        S_DEFRANGE = 4415,
        S_DEFRANGE_SUBFIELD = 4416,
        S_DEFRANGE_REGISTER = 4417,
        S_DEFRANGE_FRAMEPOINTER_REL = 4418,
        S_DEFRANGE_SUBFIELD_REGISTER = 4419,
        S_DEFRANGE_FRAMEPOINTER_REL_FULL_SCOPE = 4420,
        S_DEFRANGE_REGISTER_REL = 4421,
        S_BLOCK32 = 4355,
        S_LABEL32 = 4357,
        S_OBJNAME = 4353,
        S_COMPILE2 = 4374,
        S_COMPILE3 = 4412,
        S_FRAMEPROC = 4114,
        S_CALLSITEINFO = 4409,
        S_FILESTATIC = 4435,
        S_HEAPALLOCSITE = 4446,
        S_FRAMECOOKIE = 4410,
        S_CALLEES = 4442,
        S_CALLERS = 4443,
        S_UDT = 4360,
        S_COBOLUDT = 4361,
        S_BUILDINFO = 4428,
        S_BPREL32 = 4363,
        S_REGREL32 = 4369,
        S_CONSTANT = 4359,
        S_MANCONSTANT = 4397,
        S_LDATA32 = 4364,
        S_GDATA32 = 4365,
        S_LMANDATA = 4380,
        S_GMANDATA = 4381,
        S_LTHREAD32 = 4370,
        S_GTHREAD32 = 4371,
    };

    pub const TypeIndex = u32;

    // TODO According to this header:

    // https://github.com/microsoft/microsoft-pdb/blob/082c5290e5aff028ae84e43affa8be717aa7af73/include/cvinfo.h#L3722

    // we should define RecordPrefix as part of the ProcSym structure.

    // This might be important when we start generating PDB in self-hosted with our own PE linker.

    pub const ProcSym = extern struct {
        Parent: u32,
        End: u32,
        Next: u32,
        CodeSize: u32,
        DbgStart: u32,
        DbgEnd: u32,
        FunctionType: TypeIndex,
        CodeOffset: u32,
        Segment: u16,
        Flags: ProcSymFlags,
        Name: [1]u8, // null-terminated

    };

    pub const ProcSymFlags = packed struct {
        HasFP: bool,
        HasIRET: bool,
        HasFRET: bool,
        IsNoReturn: bool,
        IsUnreachable: bool,
        HasCustomCallingConv: bool,
        IsNoInline: bool,
        HasOptimizedDebugInfo: bool,
    };

    pub const SectionContrSubstreamVersion = enum(u32) {
        Ver60 = 0xeffe0000 + 19970605,
        V2 = 0xeffe0000 + 20140516,
        _,
    };

    pub const RecordPrefix = extern struct {
        /// Record length, starting from &RecordKind.
        RecordLen: u16,

        /// Record kind enum (SymRecordKind or TypeRecordKind)
        RecordKind: SymbolKind,
    };

    /// The following variable length array appears immediately after the header.
    /// The structure definition follows.
    /// LineBlockFragmentHeader Blocks[]
    /// Each `LineBlockFragmentHeader` as specified below.
    pub const LineFragmentHeader = extern struct {
        /// Code offset of line contribution.
        RelocOffset: u32,

        /// Code segment of line contribution.
        RelocSegment: u16,
        Flags: LineFlags,

        /// Code size of this line contribution.
        CodeSize: u32,
    };

    pub const LineFlags = packed struct {
        /// CV_LINES_HAVE_COLUMNS
        LF_HaveColumns: bool,
        unused: u15,
    };

    /// The following two variable length arrays appear immediately after the
    /// header.  The structure definitions follow.
    /// LineNumberEntry   Lines[NumLines];
    /// ColumnNumberEntry Columns[NumLines];
    pub const LineBlockFragmentHeader = extern struct {
        /// Offset of FileChecksum entry in File
        /// checksums buffer.  The checksum entry then
        /// contains another offset into the string
        /// table of the actual name.
        NameIndex: u32,
        NumLines: u32,

        /// code size of block, in bytes
        BlockSize: u32,
    };

    pub const LineNumberEntry = extern struct {
        /// Offset to start of code bytes for line number
        Offset: u32,
        Flags: u32,

        /// TODO runtime crash when I make the actual type of Flags this
        pub const Flags = packed struct {
            /// Start line number
            Start: u24,
            /// Delta of lines to the end of the expression. Still unclear.
            // TODO figure out the point of this field.

            End: u7,
            IsStatement: bool,
        };
    };

    pub const ColumnNumberEntry = extern struct {
        StartColumn: u16,
        EndColumn: u16,
    };

    /// Checksum bytes follow.
    pub const FileChecksumEntryHeader = extern struct {
        /// Byte offset of filename in global string table.
        FileNameOffset: u32,

        /// Number of bytes of checksum.
        ChecksumSize: u8,

        /// FileChecksumKind
        ChecksumKind: u8,
    };

    pub const DebugSubsectionKind = enum(u32) {
        None = 0,
        Symbols = 0xf1,
        Lines = 0xf2,
        StringTable = 0xf3,
        FileChecksums = 0xf4,
        FrameData = 0xf5,
        InlineeLines = 0xf6,
        CrossScopeImports = 0xf7,
        CrossScopeExports = 0xf8,

        // These appear to relate to .Net assembly info.

        ILLines = 0xf9,
        FuncMDTokenMap = 0xfa,
        TypeMDTokenMap = 0xfb,
        MergedAssemblyInput = 0xfc,

        CoffSymbolRVA = 0xfd,
    };

    pub const DebugSubsectionHeader = extern struct {
        /// codeview::DebugSubsectionKind enum
        Kind: DebugSubsectionKind,

        /// number of bytes occupied by this record.
        Length: u32,
    };

    pub const PDBStringTableHeader = extern struct {
        /// PDBStringTableSignature
        Signature: u32,

        /// 1 or 2
        HashVersion: u32,

        /// Number of bytes of names buffer.
        ByteSize: u32,
    };

    fn readSparseBitVector(stream: anytype, allocator: mem.Allocator) ![]u32 {
        const num_words = try stream.readIntLittle(u32);
        var list = ArrayList(u32).init(allocator);
        errdefer list.deinit();
        var word_i: u32 = 0;
        while (word_i != num_words) : (word_i += 1) {
            const word = try stream.readIntLittle(u32);
            var bit_i: u5 = 0;
            while (true) : (bit_i += 1) {
                if (word & (@as(u32, 1) << bit_i) != 0) {
                    try list.append(word_i * 32 + bit_i);
                }
                if (bit_i == std.math.maxInt(u5)) break;
            }
        }
        return try list.toOwnedSlice();
    }

    pub const Pdb = struct {
        in_file: File,
        msf: Msf,
        allocator: mem.Allocator,
        string_table: ?*MsfStream,
        dbi: ?*MsfStream,
        modules: []Module,
        sect_contribs: []SectionContribEntry,
        guid: [16]u8,
        age: u32,

        pub const Module = struct {
            mod_info: ModInfo,
            module_name: []u8,
            obj_file_name: []u8,
            // The fields below are filled on demand.

            populated: bool,
            symbols: []u8,
            subsect_info: []u8,
            checksum_offset: ?usize,

            pub fn deinit(self: *Module, allocator: mem.Allocator) void {
                allocator.free(self.module_name);
                allocator.free(self.obj_file_name);
                if (self.populated) {
                    allocator.free(self.symbols);
                    allocator.free(self.subsect_info);
                }
            }
        };

        pub fn init(allocator: mem.Allocator, path: []const u8) !Pdb {
            const file = try fs.cwd().openFile(path, .{ .intended_io_mode = .blocking });
            errdefer file.close();

            return Pdb{
                .in_file = file,
                .allocator = allocator,
                .string_table = null,
                .dbi = null,
                .msf = try Msf.init(allocator, file),
                .modules = &[_]Module{},
                .sect_contribs = &[_]SectionContribEntry{},
                .guid = undefined,
                .age = undefined,
            };
        }

        pub fn deinit(self: *Pdb) void {
            self.in_file.close();
            self.msf.deinit(self.allocator);
            for (self.modules) |*module| {
                module.deinit(self.allocator);
            }
            self.allocator.free(self.modules);
            self.allocator.free(self.sect_contribs);
        }

        pub fn parseDbiStream(self: *Pdb) !void {
            var stream = self.getStream(StreamType.Dbi) orelse
                return error.InvalidDebugInfo;
            const reader = stream.reader();

            const header = try reader.readStruct(DbiStreamHeader);
            if (header.VersionHeader != 19990903) // V70, only value observed by LLVM team

                return error.UnknownPDBVersion;
            // if (header.Age != age)

            //     return error.UnmatchingPDB;

            const mod_info_size = header.ModInfoSize;
            const section_contrib_size = header.SectionContributionSize;

            var modules = ArrayList(Module).init(self.allocator);
            errdefer modules.deinit();

            // Module Info Substream

            var mod_info_offset: usize = 0;
            while (mod_info_offset != mod_info_size) {
                const mod_info = try reader.readStruct(ModInfo);
                var this_record_len: usize = @sizeOf(ModInfo);

                const module_name = try reader.readUntilDelimiterAlloc(self.allocator, 0, 1024);
                errdefer self.allocator.free(module_name);
                this_record_len += module_name.len + 1;

                const obj_file_name = try reader.readUntilDelimiterAlloc(self.allocator, 0, 1024);
                errdefer self.allocator.free(obj_file_name);
                this_record_len += obj_file_name.len + 1;

                if (this_record_len % 4 != 0) {
                    const round_to_next_4 = (this_record_len | 0x3) + 1;
                    const march_forward_bytes = round_to_next_4 - this_record_len;
                    try stream.seekBy(@as(isize, @intCast(march_forward_bytes)));
                    this_record_len += march_forward_bytes;
                }

                try modules.append(Module{
                    .mod_info = mod_info,
                    .module_name = module_name,
                    .obj_file_name = obj_file_name,

                    .populated = false,
                    .symbols = undefined,
                    .subsect_info = undefined,
                    .checksum_offset = null,
                });

                mod_info_offset += this_record_len;
                if (mod_info_offset > mod_info_size)
                    return error.InvalidDebugInfo;
            }

            // Section Contribution Substream

            var sect_contribs = ArrayList(SectionContribEntry).init(self.allocator);
            errdefer sect_contribs.deinit();

            var sect_cont_offset: usize = 0;
            if (section_contrib_size != 0) {
                const version = reader.readEnum(SectionContrSubstreamVersion, .Little) catch |err| switch (err) {
                    error.InvalidValue => return error.InvalidDebugInfo,
                    else => |e| return e,
                };
                _ = version;
                sect_cont_offset += @sizeOf(u32);
            }
            while (sect_cont_offset != section_contrib_size) {
                const entry = try sect_contribs.addOne();
                entry.* = try reader.readStruct(SectionContribEntry);
                sect_cont_offset += @sizeOf(SectionContribEntry);

                if (sect_cont_offset > section_contrib_size)
                    return error.InvalidDebugInfo;
            }

            self.modules = try modules.toOwnedSlice();
            self.sect_contribs = try sect_contribs.toOwnedSlice();
        }

        pub fn parseInfoStream(self: *Pdb) !void {
            var stream = self.getStream(StreamType.Pdb) orelse
                return error.InvalidDebugInfo;
            const reader = stream.reader();

            // Parse the InfoStreamHeader.

            const version = try reader.readIntLittle(u32);
            const signature = try reader.readIntLittle(u32);
            _ = signature;
            const age = try reader.readIntLittle(u32);
            const guid = try reader.readBytesNoEof(16);

            if (version != 20000404) // VC70, only value observed by LLVM team

                return error.UnknownPDBVersion;

            self.guid = guid;
            self.age = age;

            // Find the string table.

            const string_table_index = str_tab_index: {
                const name_bytes_len = try reader.readIntLittle(u32);
                const name_bytes = try self.allocator.alloc(u8, name_bytes_len);
                defer self.allocator.free(name_bytes);
                try reader.readNoEof(name_bytes);

                const HashTableHeader = extern struct {
                    Size: u32,
                    Capacity: u32,

                    fn maxLoad(cap: u32) u32 {
                        return cap * 2 / 3 + 1;
                    }
                };
                const hash_tbl_hdr = try reader.readStruct(HashTableHeader);
                if (hash_tbl_hdr.Capacity == 0)
                    return error.InvalidDebugInfo;

                if (hash_tbl_hdr.Size > HashTableHeader.maxLoad(hash_tbl_hdr.Capacity))
                    return error.InvalidDebugInfo;

                const present = try readSparseBitVector(&reader, self.allocator);
                defer self.allocator.free(present);
                if (present.len != hash_tbl_hdr.Size)
                    return error.InvalidDebugInfo;
                const deleted = try readSparseBitVector(&reader, self.allocator);
                defer self.allocator.free(deleted);

                for (present) |_| {
                    const name_offset = try reader.readIntLittle(u32);
                    const name_index = try reader.readIntLittle(u32);
                    if (name_offset > name_bytes.len)
                        return error.InvalidDebugInfo;
                    const name = mem.sliceTo(name_bytes[name_offset..], 0);
                    if (mem.eql(u8, name, "/names")) {
                        break :str_tab_index name_index;
                    }
                }
                return error.MissingDebugInfo;
            };

            self.string_table = self.getStreamById(string_table_index) orelse
                return error.MissingDebugInfo;
        }

        pub fn getSymbolName(self: *Pdb, module: *Module, address: u64) ?[]const u8 {
            _ = self;
            std.debug.assert(module.populated);

            var symbol_i: usize = 0;
            while (symbol_i != module.symbols.len) {
                const prefix = @as(*align(1) RecordPrefix, @ptrCast(&module.symbols[symbol_i]));
                if (prefix.RecordLen < 2)
                    return null;
                switch (prefix.RecordKind) {
                    .S_LPROC32, .S_GPROC32 => {
                        const proc_sym = @as(*align(1) ProcSym, @ptrCast(&module.symbols[symbol_i + @sizeOf(RecordPrefix)]));
                        if (address >= proc_sym.CodeOffset and address < proc_sym.CodeOffset + proc_sym.CodeSize) {
                            return mem.sliceTo(@as([*:0]u8, @ptrCast(&proc_sym.Name[0])), 0);
                        }
                    },
                    else => {},
                }
                symbol_i += prefix.RecordLen + @sizeOf(u16);
            }

            return null;
        }

        pub fn getLineNumberInfo(self: *Pdb, module: *Module, address: u64) !debug.LineInfo {
            std.debug.assert(module.populated);
            const subsect_info = module.subsect_info;

            var sect_offset: usize = 0;
            var skip_len: usize = undefined;
            const checksum_offset = module.checksum_offset orelse return error.MissingDebugInfo;
            while (sect_offset != subsect_info.len) : (sect_offset += skip_len) {
                const subsect_hdr = @as(*align(1) DebugSubsectionHeader, @ptrCast(&subsect_info[sect_offset]));
                skip_len = subsect_hdr.Length;
                sect_offset += @sizeOf(DebugSubsectionHeader);

                switch (subsect_hdr.Kind) {
                    .Lines => {
                        var line_index = sect_offset;

                        const line_hdr = @as(*align(1) LineFragmentHeader, @ptrCast(&subsect_info[line_index]));
                        if (line_hdr.RelocSegment == 0)
                            return error.MissingDebugInfo;
                        line_index += @sizeOf(LineFragmentHeader);
                        const frag_vaddr_start = line_hdr.RelocOffset;
                        const frag_vaddr_end = frag_vaddr_start + line_hdr.CodeSize;

                        if (address >= frag_vaddr_start and address < frag_vaddr_end) {
                            // There is an unknown number of LineBlockFragmentHeaders (and their accompanying line and column records)

                            // from now on. We will iterate through them, and eventually find a LineInfo that we're interested in,

                            // breaking out to :subsections. If not, we will make sure to not read anything outside of this subsection.

                            const subsection_end_index = sect_offset + subsect_hdr.Length;

                            while (line_index < subsection_end_index) {
                                const block_hdr = @as(*align(1) LineBlockFragmentHeader, @ptrCast(&subsect_info[line_index]));
                                line_index += @sizeOf(LineBlockFragmentHeader);
                                const start_line_index = line_index;

                                const has_column = line_hdr.Flags.LF_HaveColumns;

                                // All line entries are stored inside their line block by ascending start address.

                                // Heuristic: we want to find the last line entry

                                // that has a vaddr_start <= address.

                                // This is done with a simple linear search.

                                var line_i: u32 = 0;
                                while (line_i < block_hdr.NumLines) : (line_i += 1) {
                                    const line_num_entry = @as(*align(1) LineNumberEntry, @ptrCast(&subsect_info[line_index]));
                                    line_index += @sizeOf(LineNumberEntry);

                                    const vaddr_start = frag_vaddr_start + line_num_entry.Offset;
                                    if (address < vaddr_start) {
                                        break;
                                    }
                                }

                                // line_i == 0 would mean that no matching LineNumberEntry was found.

                                if (line_i > 0) {
                                    const subsect_index = checksum_offset + block_hdr.NameIndex;
                                    const chksum_hdr = @as(*align(1) FileChecksumEntryHeader, @ptrCast(&module.subsect_info[subsect_index]));
                                    const strtab_offset = @sizeOf(PDBStringTableHeader) + chksum_hdr.FileNameOffset;
                                    try self.string_table.?.seekTo(strtab_offset);
                                    const source_file_name = try self.string_table.?.reader().readUntilDelimiterAlloc(self.allocator, 0, 1024);

                                    const line_entry_idx = line_i - 1;

                                    const column = if (has_column) blk: {
                                        const start_col_index = start_line_index + @sizeOf(LineNumberEntry) * block_hdr.NumLines;
                                        const col_index = start_col_index + @sizeOf(ColumnNumberEntry) * line_entry_idx;
                                        const col_num_entry = @as(*align(1) ColumnNumberEntry, @ptrCast(&subsect_info[col_index]));
                                        break :blk col_num_entry.StartColumn;
                                    } else 0;

                                    const found_line_index = start_line_index + line_entry_idx * @sizeOf(LineNumberEntry);
                                    const line_num_entry: *align(1) LineNumberEntry = @ptrCast(&subsect_info[found_line_index]);
                                    const flags: *align(1) LineNumberEntry.Flags = @ptrCast(&line_num_entry.Flags);

                                    return debug.LineInfo{
                                        .file_name = source_file_name,
                                        .line = flags.Start,
                                        .column = column,
                                    };
                                }
                            }

                            // Checking that we are not reading garbage after the (possibly) multiple block fragments.

                            if (line_index != subsection_end_index) {
                                return error.InvalidDebugInfo;
                            }
                        }
                    },
                    else => {},
                }

                if (sect_offset > subsect_info.len)
                    return error.InvalidDebugInfo;
            }

            return error.MissingDebugInfo;
        }

        pub fn getModule(self: *Pdb, index: usize) !?*Module {
            if (index >= self.modules.len)
                return null;

            const mod = &self.modules[index];
            if (mod.populated)
                return mod;

            // At most one can be non-zero.

            if (mod.mod_info.C11ByteSize != 0 and mod.mod_info.C13ByteSize != 0)
                return error.InvalidDebugInfo;
            if (mod.mod_info.C13ByteSize == 0)
                return error.InvalidDebugInfo;

            const stream = self.getStreamById(mod.mod_info.ModuleSymStream) orelse
                return error.MissingDebugInfo;
            const reader = stream.reader();

            const signature = try reader.readIntLittle(u32);
            if (signature != 4)
                return error.InvalidDebugInfo;

            mod.symbols = try self.allocator.alloc(u8, mod.mod_info.SymByteSize - 4);
            errdefer self.allocator.free(mod.symbols);
            try reader.readNoEof(mod.symbols);

            mod.subsect_info = try self.allocator.alloc(u8, mod.mod_info.C13ByteSize);
            errdefer self.allocator.free(mod.subsect_info);
            try reader.readNoEof(mod.subsect_info);

            var sect_offset: usize = 0;
            var skip_len: usize = undefined;
            while (sect_offset != mod.subsect_info.len) : (sect_offset += skip_len) {
                const subsect_hdr = @as(*align(1) DebugSubsectionHeader, @ptrCast(&mod.subsect_info[sect_offset]));
                skip_len = subsect_hdr.Length;
                sect_offset += @sizeOf(DebugSubsectionHeader);

                switch (subsect_hdr.Kind) {
                    .FileChecksums => {
                        mod.checksum_offset = sect_offset;
                        break;
                    },
                    else => {},
                }

                if (sect_offset > mod.subsect_info.len)
                    return error.InvalidDebugInfo;
            }

            mod.populated = true;
            return mod;
        }

        pub fn getStreamById(self: *Pdb, id: u32) ?*MsfStream {
            if (id >= self.msf.streams.len)
                return null;
            return &self.msf.streams[id];
        }

        pub fn getStream(self: *Pdb, stream: StreamType) ?*MsfStream {
            const id = @intFromEnum(stream);
            return self.getStreamById(id);
        }
    };

    // see https://llvm.org/docs/PDB/MsfFile.html

    const Msf = struct {
        directory: MsfStream,
        streams: []MsfStream,

        fn init(allocator: mem.Allocator, file: File) !Msf {
            const in = file.reader();

            const superblock = try in.readStruct(SuperBlock);

            // Sanity checks

            if (!mem.eql(u8, &superblock.FileMagic, SuperBlock.file_magic))
                return error.InvalidDebugInfo;
            if (superblock.FreeBlockMapBlock != 1 and superblock.FreeBlockMapBlock != 2)
                return error.InvalidDebugInfo;
            const file_len = try file.getEndPos();
            if (superblock.NumBlocks * superblock.BlockSize != file_len)
                return error.InvalidDebugInfo;
            switch (superblock.BlockSize) {
                // llvm only supports 4096 but we can handle any of these values

                512, 1024, 2048, 4096 => {},
                else => return error.InvalidDebugInfo,
            }

            const dir_block_count = blockCountFromSize(superblock.NumDirectoryBytes, superblock.BlockSize);
            if (dir_block_count > superblock.BlockSize / @sizeOf(u32))
                return error.UnhandledBigDirectoryStream; // cf. BlockMapAddr comment.

            try file.seekTo(superblock.BlockSize * superblock.BlockMapAddr);
            var dir_blocks = try allocator.alloc(u32, dir_block_count);
            for (dir_blocks) |*b| {
                b.* = try in.readIntLittle(u32);
            }
            var directory = MsfStream.init(
                superblock.BlockSize,
                file,
                dir_blocks,
            );

            const begin = directory.pos;
            const stream_count = try directory.reader().readIntLittle(u32);
            const stream_sizes = try allocator.alloc(u32, stream_count);
            defer allocator.free(stream_sizes);

            // Microsoft's implementation uses @as(u32, -1) for inexistent streams.

            // These streams are not used, but still participate in the file

            // and must be taken into account when resolving stream indices.

            const Nil = 0xFFFFFFFF;
            for (stream_sizes) |*s| {
                const size = try directory.reader().readIntLittle(u32);
                s.* = if (size == Nil) 0 else blockCountFromSize(size, superblock.BlockSize);
            }

            const streams = try allocator.alloc(MsfStream, stream_count);
            for (streams, 0..) |*stream, i| {
                const size = stream_sizes[i];
                if (size == 0) {
                    stream.* = MsfStream{
                        .blocks = &[_]u32{},
                    };
                } else {
                    var blocks = try allocator.alloc(u32, size);
                    var j: u32 = 0;
                    while (j < size) : (j += 1) {
                        const block_id = try directory.reader().readIntLittle(u32);
                        const n = (block_id % superblock.BlockSize);
                        // 0 is for SuperBlock, 1 and 2 for FPMs.

                        if (block_id == 0 or n == 1 or n == 2 or block_id * superblock.BlockSize > file_len)
                            return error.InvalidBlockIndex;
                        blocks[j] = block_id;
                    }

                    stream.* = MsfStream.init(
                        superblock.BlockSize,
                        file,
                        blocks,
                    );
                }
            }

            const end = directory.pos;
            if (end - begin != superblock.NumDirectoryBytes)
                return error.InvalidStreamDirectory;

            return Msf{
                .directory = directory,
                .streams = streams,
            };
        }

        fn deinit(self: *Msf, allocator: mem.Allocator) void {
            allocator.free(self.directory.blocks);
            for (self.streams) |*stream| {
                allocator.free(stream.blocks);
            }
            allocator.free(self.streams);
        }
    };

    fn blockCountFromSize(size: u32, block_size: u32) u32 {
        return (size + block_size - 1) / block_size;
    }

    // https://llvm.org/docs/PDB/MsfFile.html#the-superblock

    pub const SuperBlock = extern struct {
        /// The LLVM docs list a space between C / C++ but empirically this is not the case.
        pub const file_magic = "Microsoft C/C++ MSF 7.00\r\n\x1a\x44\x53\x00\x00\x00";

        FileMagic: [file_magic.len]u8,

        /// The block size of the internal file system. Valid values are 512, 1024,
        /// 2048, and 4096 bytes. Certain aspects of the MSF file layout vary depending
        /// on the block sizes. For the purposes of LLVM, we handle only block sizes of
        /// 4KiB, and all further discussion assumes a block size of 4KiB.
        BlockSize: u32,

        /// The index of a block within the file, at which begins a bitfield representing
        /// the set of all blocks within the file which are “free” (i.e. the data within
        /// that block is not used). See The Free Block Map for more information. Important:
        /// FreeBlockMapBlock can only be 1 or 2!
        FreeBlockMapBlock: u32,

        /// The total number of blocks in the file. NumBlocks * BlockSize should equal the
        /// size of the file on disk.
        NumBlocks: u32,

        /// The size of the stream directory, in bytes. The stream directory contains
        /// information about each stream’s size and the set of blocks that it occupies.
        /// It will be described in more detail later.
        NumDirectoryBytes: u32,

        Unknown: u32,
        /// The index of a block within the MSF file. At this block is an array of
        /// ulittle32_t’s listing the blocks that the stream directory resides on.
        /// For large MSF files, the stream directory (which describes the block
        /// layout of each stream) may not fit entirely on a single block. As a
        /// result, this extra layer of indirection is introduced, whereby this
        /// block contains the list of blocks that the stream directory occupies,
        /// and the stream directory itself can be stitched together accordingly.
        /// The number of ulittle32_t’s in this array is given by
        /// ceil(NumDirectoryBytes / BlockSize).
        // Note: microsoft-pdb code actually suggests this is a variable-length

        // array. If the indices of blocks occupied by the Stream Directory didn't

        // fit in one page, there would be other u32 following it.

        // This would mean the Stream Directory is bigger than BlockSize / sizeof(u32)

        // blocks. We're not even close to this with a 1GB pdb file, and LLVM didn't

        // implement it so we're kind of safe making this assumption for now.

        BlockMapAddr: u32,
    };

    const MsfStream = struct {
        in_file: File = undefined,
        pos: u64 = undefined,
        blocks: []u32 = undefined,
        block_size: u32 = undefined,

        pub const Error = @typeInfo(@typeInfo(@TypeOf(read)).Fn.return_type.?).ErrorUnion.error_set;

        fn init(block_size: u32, file: File, blocks: []u32) MsfStream {
            const stream = MsfStream{
                .in_file = file,
                .pos = 0,
                .blocks = blocks,
                .block_size = block_size,
            };

            return stream;
        }

        fn read(self: *MsfStream, buffer: []u8) !usize {
            var block_id = @as(usize, @intCast(self.pos / self.block_size));
            if (block_id >= self.blocks.len) return 0; // End of Stream

            var block = self.blocks[block_id];
            var offset = self.pos % self.block_size;

            try self.in_file.seekTo(block * self.block_size + offset);
            const in = self.in_file.reader();

            var size: usize = 0;
            var rem_buffer = buffer;
            while (size < buffer.len) {
                const size_to_read = @min(self.block_size - offset, rem_buffer.len);
                size += try in.read(rem_buffer[0..size_to_read]);
                rem_buffer = buffer[size..];
                offset += size_to_read;

                // If we're at the end of a block, go to the next one.

                if (offset == self.block_size) {
                    offset = 0;
                    block_id += 1;
                    if (block_id >= self.blocks.len) break; // End of Stream

                    block = self.blocks[block_id];
                    try self.in_file.seekTo(block * self.block_size);
                }
            }

            self.pos += buffer.len;
            return buffer.len;
        }

        pub fn seekBy(self: *MsfStream, len: i64) !void {
            self.pos = @as(u64, @intCast(@as(i64, @intCast(self.pos)) + len));
            if (self.pos >= self.blocks.len * self.block_size)
                return error.EOF;
        }

        pub fn seekTo(self: *MsfStream, len: u64) !void {
            self.pos = len;
            if (self.pos >= self.blocks.len * self.block_size)
                return error.EOF;
        }

        fn getSize(self: *const MsfStream) u64 {
            return self.blocks.len * self.block_size;
        }

        fn getFilePos(self: MsfStream) u64 {
            const block_id = self.pos / self.block_size;
            const block = self.blocks[block_id];
            const offset = self.pos % self.block_size;

            return block * self.block_size + offset;
        }

        pub fn reader(self: *MsfStream) std.io.Reader(*MsfStream, Error, read) {
            return .{ .context = self };
        }
    };