    const std = @import("std.zig");
    const assert = std.debug.assert;
    const testing = std.testing;
    const mem = std.mem;

    pub const Error = error{
        InvalidCharacter,
        InvalidPadding,
        NoSpaceLeft,
    };

    const decoderWithIgnoreProto = *const fn (ignore: []const u8) Base64DecoderWithIgnore;

    /// Base64 codecs
    pub const Codecs = struct {
        alphabet_chars: [64]u8,
        pad_char: ?u8,
        decoderWithIgnore: decoderWithIgnoreProto,
        Encoder: Base64Encoder,
        Decoder: Base64Decoder,
    };

    pub const standard_alphabet_chars = "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789+/".*;
    fn standardBase64DecoderWithIgnore(ignore: []const u8) Base64DecoderWithIgnore {
        return Base64DecoderWithIgnore.init(standard_alphabet_chars, '=', ignore);
    }

    /// Standard Base64 codecs, with padding
    pub const standard = Codecs{
        .alphabet_chars = standard_alphabet_chars,
        .pad_char = '=',
        .decoderWithIgnore = standardBase64DecoderWithIgnore,
        .Encoder = Base64Encoder.init(standard_alphabet_chars, '='),
        .Decoder = Base64Decoder.init(standard_alphabet_chars, '='),
    };

    /// Standard Base64 codecs, without padding
    pub const standard_no_pad = Codecs{
        .alphabet_chars = standard_alphabet_chars,
        .pad_char = null,
        .decoderWithIgnore = standardBase64DecoderWithIgnore,
        .Encoder = Base64Encoder.init(standard_alphabet_chars, null),
        .Decoder = Base64Decoder.init(standard_alphabet_chars, null),
    };

    pub const url_safe_alphabet_chars = "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789-_".*;
    fn urlSafeBase64DecoderWithIgnore(ignore: []const u8) Base64DecoderWithIgnore {
        return Base64DecoderWithIgnore.init(url_safe_alphabet_chars, null, ignore);
    }

    /// URL-safe Base64 codecs, with padding
    pub const url_safe = Codecs{
        .alphabet_chars = url_safe_alphabet_chars,
        .pad_char = '=',
        .decoderWithIgnore = urlSafeBase64DecoderWithIgnore,
        .Encoder = Base64Encoder.init(url_safe_alphabet_chars, '='),
        .Decoder = Base64Decoder.init(url_safe_alphabet_chars, '='),
    };

    /// URL-safe Base64 codecs, without padding
    pub const url_safe_no_pad = Codecs{
        .alphabet_chars = url_safe_alphabet_chars,
        .pad_char = null,
        .decoderWithIgnore = urlSafeBase64DecoderWithIgnore,
        .Encoder = Base64Encoder.init(url_safe_alphabet_chars, null),
        .Decoder = Base64Decoder.init(url_safe_alphabet_chars, null),
    };

    pub const Base64Encoder = struct {
        alphabet_chars: [64]u8,
        pad_char: ?u8,

        /// A bunch of assertions, then simply pass the data right through.
        pub fn init(alphabet_chars: [64]u8, pad_char: ?u8) Base64Encoder {
            assert(alphabet_chars.len == 64);
            var char_in_alphabet = [_]bool{false} ** 256;
            for (alphabet_chars) |c| {
                assert(!char_in_alphabet[c]);
                assert(pad_char == null or c != pad_char.?);
                char_in_alphabet[c] = true;
            }
            return Base64Encoder{
                .alphabet_chars = alphabet_chars,
                .pad_char = pad_char,
            };
        }

        /// Compute the encoded length
        pub fn calcSize(encoder: *const Base64Encoder, source_len: usize) usize {
            if (encoder.pad_char != null) {
                return @divTrunc(source_len + 2, 3) * 4;
            } else {
                const leftover = source_len % 3;
                return @divTrunc(source_len, 3) * 4 + @divTrunc(leftover * 4 + 2, 3);
            }
        }

        /// dest.len must at least be what you get from ::calcSize.
        pub fn encode(encoder: *const Base64Encoder, dest: []u8, source: []const u8) []const u8 {
            const out_len = encoder.calcSize(source.len);
            assert(dest.len >= out_len);

            var acc: u12 = 0;
            var acc_len: u4 = 0;
            var out_idx: usize = 0;
            for (source) |v| {
                acc = (acc << 8) + v;
                acc_len += 8;
                while (acc_len >= 6) {
                    acc_len -= 6;
                    dest[out_idx] = encoder.alphabet_chars[@as(u6, @truncate((acc >> acc_len)))];
                    out_idx += 1;
                }
            }
            if (acc_len > 0) {
                dest[out_idx] = encoder.alphabet_chars[@as(u6, @truncate((acc << 6 - acc_len)))];
                out_idx += 1;
            }
            if (encoder.pad_char) |pad_char| {
                for (dest[out_idx..out_len]) |*pad| {
                    pad.* = pad_char;
                }
            }
            return dest[0..out_len];
        }
    };

    pub const Base64Decoder = struct {
        const invalid_char: u8 = 0xff;

        /// e.g. 'A' => 0.
        /// `invalid_char` for any value not in the 64 alphabet chars.
        char_to_index: [256]u8,
        pad_char: ?u8,

        pub fn init(alphabet_chars: [64]u8, pad_char: ?u8) Base64Decoder {
            var result = Base64Decoder{
                .char_to_index = [_]u8{invalid_char} ** 256,
                .pad_char = pad_char,
            };

            var char_in_alphabet = [_]bool{false} ** 256;
            for (alphabet_chars, 0..) |c, i| {
                assert(!char_in_alphabet[c]);
                assert(pad_char == null or c != pad_char.?);

                result.char_to_index[c] = @as(u8, @intCast(i));
                char_in_alphabet[c] = true;
            }
            return result;
        }

        /// Return the maximum possible decoded size for a given input length - The actual length may be less if the input includes padding.
        /// `InvalidPadding` is returned if the input length is not valid.
        pub fn calcSizeUpperBound(decoder: *const Base64Decoder, source_len: usize) Error!usize {
            var result = source_len / 4 * 3;
            const leftover = source_len % 4;
            if (decoder.pad_char != null) {
                if (leftover % 4 != 0) return error.InvalidPadding;
            } else {
                if (leftover % 4 == 1) return error.InvalidPadding;
                result += leftover * 3 / 4;
            }
            return result;
        }

        /// Return the exact decoded size for a slice.
        /// `InvalidPadding` is returned if the input length is not valid.
        pub fn calcSizeForSlice(decoder: *const Base64Decoder, source: []const u8) Error!usize {
            const source_len = source.len;
            var result = try decoder.calcSizeUpperBound(source_len);
            if (decoder.pad_char) |pad_char| {
                if (source_len >= 1 and source[source_len - 1] == pad_char) result -= 1;
                if (source_len >= 2 and source[source_len - 2] == pad_char) result -= 1;
            }
            return result;
        }

        /// dest.len must be what you get from ::calcSize.
        /// invalid characters result in error.InvalidCharacter.
        /// invalid padding results in error.InvalidPadding.
        pub fn decode(decoder: *const Base64Decoder, dest: []u8, source: []const u8) Error!void {
            if (decoder.pad_char != null and source.len % 4 != 0) return error.InvalidPadding;
            var acc: u12 = 0;
            var acc_len: u4 = 0;
            var dest_idx: usize = 0;
            var leftover_idx: ?usize = null;
            for (source, 0..) |c, src_idx| {
                const d = decoder.char_to_index[c];
                if (d == invalid_char) {
                    if (decoder.pad_char == null or c != decoder.pad_char.?) return error.InvalidCharacter;
                    leftover_idx = src_idx;
                    break;
                }
                acc = (acc << 6) + d;
                acc_len += 6;
                if (acc_len >= 8) {
                    acc_len -= 8;
                    dest[dest_idx] = @as(u8, @truncate(acc >> acc_len));
                    dest_idx += 1;
                }
            }
            if (acc_len > 4 or (acc & (@as(u12, 1) << acc_len) - 1) != 0) {
                return error.InvalidPadding;
            }
            if (leftover_idx == null) return;
            var leftover = source[leftover_idx.?..];
            if (decoder.pad_char) |pad_char| {
                const padding_len = acc_len / 2;
                var padding_chars: usize = 0;
                for (leftover) |c| {
                    if (c != pad_char) {
                        return if (c == Base64Decoder.invalid_char) error.InvalidCharacter else error.InvalidPadding;
                    }
                    padding_chars += 1;
                }
                if (padding_chars != padding_len) return error.InvalidPadding;
            }
        }
    };

    pub const Base64DecoderWithIgnore = struct {
        decoder: Base64Decoder,
        char_is_ignored: [256]bool,

        pub fn init(alphabet_chars: [64]u8, pad_char: ?u8, ignore_chars: []const u8) Base64DecoderWithIgnore {
            var result = Base64DecoderWithIgnore{
                .decoder = Base64Decoder.init(alphabet_chars, pad_char),
                .char_is_ignored = [_]bool{false} ** 256,
            };
            for (ignore_chars) |c| {
                assert(result.decoder.char_to_index[c] == Base64Decoder.invalid_char);
                assert(!result.char_is_ignored[c]);
                assert(result.decoder.pad_char != c);
                result.char_is_ignored[c] = true;
            }
            return result;
        }

        /// Return the maximum possible decoded size for a given input length - The actual length may be less if the input includes padding
        /// `InvalidPadding` is returned if the input length is not valid.
        pub fn calcSizeUpperBound(decoder_with_ignore: *const Base64DecoderWithIgnore, source_len: usize) Error!usize {
            var result = source_len / 4 * 3;
            if (decoder_with_ignore.decoder.pad_char == null) {
                const leftover = source_len % 4;
                result += leftover * 3 / 4;
            }
            return result;
        }

        /// Invalid characters that are not ignored result in error.InvalidCharacter.
        /// Invalid padding results in error.InvalidPadding.
        /// Decoding more data than can fit in dest results in error.NoSpaceLeft. See also ::calcSizeUpperBound.
        /// Returns the number of bytes written to dest.
        pub fn decode(decoder_with_ignore: *const Base64DecoderWithIgnore, dest: []u8, source: []const u8) Error!usize {
            const decoder = &decoder_with_ignore.decoder;
            var acc: u12 = 0;
            var acc_len: u4 = 0;
            var dest_idx: usize = 0;
            var leftover_idx: ?usize = null;
            for (source, 0..) |c, src_idx| {
                if (decoder_with_ignore.char_is_ignored[c]) continue;
                const d = decoder.char_to_index[c];
                if (d == Base64Decoder.invalid_char) {
                    if (decoder.pad_char == null or c != decoder.pad_char.?) return error.InvalidCharacter;
                    leftover_idx = src_idx;
                    break;
                }
                acc = (acc << 6) + d;
                acc_len += 6;
                if (acc_len >= 8) {
                    if (dest_idx == dest.len) return error.NoSpaceLeft;
                    acc_len -= 8;
                    dest[dest_idx] = @as(u8, @truncate(acc >> acc_len));
                    dest_idx += 1;
                }
            }
            if (acc_len > 4 or (acc & (@as(u12, 1) << acc_len) - 1) != 0) {
                return error.InvalidPadding;
            }
            const padding_len = acc_len / 2;
            if (leftover_idx == null) {
                if (decoder.pad_char != null and padding_len != 0) return error.InvalidPadding;
                return dest_idx;
            }
            var leftover = source[leftover_idx.?..];
            if (decoder.pad_char) |pad_char| {
                var padding_chars: usize = 0;
                for (leftover) |c| {
                    if (decoder_with_ignore.char_is_ignored[c]) continue;
                    if (c != pad_char) {
                        return if (c == Base64Decoder.invalid_char) error.InvalidCharacter else error.InvalidPadding;
                    }
                    padding_chars += 1;
                }
                if (padding_chars != padding_len) return error.InvalidPadding;
            }
            return dest_idx;
        }
    };

    test "base64" {
        @setEvalBranchQuota(8000);
        try testBase64();
        try comptime testAllApis(standard, "comptime", "Y29tcHRpbWU=");
    }

    test "base64 padding dest overflow" {
        const input = "foo";

        var expect: [128]u8 = undefined;
        @memset(&expect, 0);
        _ = url_safe.Encoder.encode(expect[0..url_safe.Encoder.calcSize(input.len)], input);

        var got: [128]u8 = undefined;
        @memset(&got, 0);
        _ = url_safe.Encoder.encode(&got, input);

        try std.testing.expectEqualSlices(u8, &expect, &got);
    }

    test "base64 url_safe_no_pad" {
        @setEvalBranchQuota(8000);
        try testBase64UrlSafeNoPad();
        try comptime testAllApis(url_safe_no_pad, "comptime", "Y29tcHRpbWU");
    }

    fn testBase64() !void {
        const codecs = standard;

        try testAllApis(codecs, "", "");
        try testAllApis(codecs, "f", "Zg==");
        try testAllApis(codecs, "fo", "Zm8=");
        try testAllApis(codecs, "foo", "Zm9v");
        try testAllApis(codecs, "foob", "Zm9vYg==");
        try testAllApis(codecs, "fooba", "Zm9vYmE=");
        try testAllApis(codecs, "foobar", "Zm9vYmFy");

        try testDecodeIgnoreSpace(codecs, "", " ");
        try testDecodeIgnoreSpace(codecs, "f", "Z g= =");
        try testDecodeIgnoreSpace(codecs, "fo", "    Zm8=");
        try testDecodeIgnoreSpace(codecs, "foo", "Zm9v    ");
        try testDecodeIgnoreSpace(codecs, "foob", "Zm9vYg = = ");
        try testDecodeIgnoreSpace(codecs, "fooba", "Zm9v YmE=");
        try testDecodeIgnoreSpace(codecs, "foobar", " Z m 9 v Y m F y ");

        // test getting some api errors

        try testError(codecs, "A", error.InvalidPadding);
        try testError(codecs, "AA", error.InvalidPadding);
        try testError(codecs, "AAA", error.InvalidPadding);
        try testError(codecs, "A..A", error.InvalidCharacter);
        try testError(codecs, "AA=A", error.InvalidPadding);
        try testError(codecs, "AA/=", error.InvalidPadding);
        try testError(codecs, "A/==", error.InvalidPadding);
        try testError(codecs, "A===", error.InvalidPadding);
        try testError(codecs, "====", error.InvalidPadding);

        try testNoSpaceLeftError(codecs, "AA==");
        try testNoSpaceLeftError(codecs, "AAA=");
        try testNoSpaceLeftError(codecs, "AAAA");
        try testNoSpaceLeftError(codecs, "AAAAAA==");
    }

    fn testBase64UrlSafeNoPad() !void {
        const codecs = url_safe_no_pad;

        try testAllApis(codecs, "", "");
        try testAllApis(codecs, "f", "Zg");
        try testAllApis(codecs, "fo", "Zm8");
        try testAllApis(codecs, "foo", "Zm9v");
        try testAllApis(codecs, "foob", "Zm9vYg");
        try testAllApis(codecs, "fooba", "Zm9vYmE");
        try testAllApis(codecs, "foobar", "Zm9vYmFy");

        try testDecodeIgnoreSpace(codecs, "", " ");
        try testDecodeIgnoreSpace(codecs, "f", "Z g ");
        try testDecodeIgnoreSpace(codecs, "fo", "    Zm8");
        try testDecodeIgnoreSpace(codecs, "foo", "Zm9v    ");
        try testDecodeIgnoreSpace(codecs, "foob", "Zm9vYg   ");
        try testDecodeIgnoreSpace(codecs, "fooba", "Zm9v YmE");
        try testDecodeIgnoreSpace(codecs, "foobar", " Z m 9 v Y m F y ");

        // test getting some api errors

        try testError(codecs, "A", error.InvalidPadding);
        try testError(codecs, "AAA=", error.InvalidCharacter);
        try testError(codecs, "A..A", error.InvalidCharacter);
        try testError(codecs, "AA=A", error.InvalidCharacter);
        try testError(codecs, "AA/=", error.InvalidCharacter);
        try testError(codecs, "A/==", error.InvalidCharacter);
        try testError(codecs, "A===", error.InvalidCharacter);
        try testError(codecs, "====", error.InvalidCharacter);

        try testNoSpaceLeftError(codecs, "AA");
        try testNoSpaceLeftError(codecs, "AAA");
        try testNoSpaceLeftError(codecs, "AAAA");
        try testNoSpaceLeftError(codecs, "AAAAAA");
    }

    fn testAllApis(codecs: Codecs, expected_decoded: []const u8, expected_encoded: []const u8) !void {
        // Base64Encoder

        {
            var buffer: [0x100]u8 = undefined;
            const encoded = codecs.Encoder.encode(&buffer, expected_decoded);
            try testing.expectEqualSlices(u8, expected_encoded, encoded);
        }

        // Base64Decoder

        {
            var buffer: [0x100]u8 = undefined;
            var decoded = buffer[0..try codecs.Decoder.calcSizeForSlice(expected_encoded)];
            try codecs.Decoder.decode(decoded, expected_encoded);
            try testing.expectEqualSlices(u8, expected_decoded, decoded);
        }

        // Base64DecoderWithIgnore

        {
            const decoder_ignore_nothing = codecs.decoderWithIgnore("");
            var buffer: [0x100]u8 = undefined;
            var decoded = buffer[0..try decoder_ignore_nothing.calcSizeUpperBound(expected_encoded.len)];
            var written = try decoder_ignore_nothing.decode(decoded, expected_encoded);
            try testing.expect(written <= decoded.len);
            try testing.expectEqualSlices(u8, expected_decoded, decoded[0..written]);
        }
    }

    fn testDecodeIgnoreSpace(codecs: Codecs, expected_decoded: []const u8, encoded: []const u8) !void {
        const decoder_ignore_space = codecs.decoderWithIgnore(" ");
        var buffer: [0x100]u8 = undefined;
        var decoded = buffer[0..try decoder_ignore_space.calcSizeUpperBound(encoded.len)];
        var written = try decoder_ignore_space.decode(decoded, encoded);
        try testing.expectEqualSlices(u8, expected_decoded, decoded[0..written]);
    }

    fn testError(codecs: Codecs, encoded: []const u8, expected_err: anyerror) !void {
        const decoder_ignore_space = codecs.decoderWithIgnore(" ");
        var buffer: [0x100]u8 = undefined;
        if (codecs.Decoder.calcSizeForSlice(encoded)) |decoded_size| {
            var decoded = buffer[0..decoded_size];
            if (codecs.Decoder.decode(decoded, encoded)) |_| {
                return error.ExpectedError;
            } else |err| if (err != expected_err) return err;
        } else |err| if (err != expected_err) return err;

        if (decoder_ignore_space.decode(buffer[0..], encoded)) |_| {
            return error.ExpectedError;
        } else |err| if (err != expected_err) return err;
    }

    fn testNoSpaceLeftError(codecs: Codecs, encoded: []const u8) !void {
        const decoder_ignore_space = codecs.decoderWithIgnore(" ");
        var buffer: [0x100]u8 = undefined;
        var decoded = buffer[0 .. (try codecs.Decoder.calcSizeForSlice(encoded)) - 1];
        if (decoder_ignore_space.decode(decoded, encoded)) |_| {
            return error.ExpectedError;
        } else |err| if (err != error.NoSpaceLeft) return err;
    }